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This work contributes to the field of spatial economics by embracing three distinct modelling approaches, belonging to different strands of the theoretical literature. In the first chapter I present a theoretical model in which the changes in urban system's degree of functional specialisation are linked to (i) firms' organisational choices and firms' location decisions. The interplay between firms' internal communication/managing costs (between headquarters and production plants) and the cost of communicating with distant business services providers leads the transition process from an "integrated" urban system where each city hosts every different functions to a "functionally specialised" urban system where each city is either a primary business center (hosting advanced business services providers, a secondary business center or a pure manufacturing city and all this city-types coexist in equilibrium.The second chapter investigates the impact of free trade on welfare in a two-country world modelled as an international Hotelling duopoly with quadratic transport costs and asymmetric countries, where a negative environmental externality is associated with the consumption of the good produced in the smaller country. Countries' relative sizes as well as the intensity of negative environmental externality affect potential welfare gains of trade liberalisation. The third chapter focuses on the paradox, by which, contrary to theoretical predictions, empirical evidence shows that a decrease in international transport costs causes an increase in foreign direct investments (FDIs). Here we propose an explanation to this apparent puzzle by exploiting an approach which delivers a continuum of Bertrand- Nash equilibria ranging above marginal cost pricing. In our setting, two Bertrand firms, supplying a homogeneous good with a convex cost function, enter the market of a foreign country. We show that allowing for a softer price competition may indeed more than offset the standard effect generated by a decrease in trade costs, thereby restoring FDI incentives.

Space is a crucial variable in any economic activity. Spatial Economics is the branch of economics that explicitly aims to incorporate the space dimension in the analysis of economic phenomena. From its beginning in the last century, Spatial Economics has contributed to the understanding of the economy by developing plenty of theoretical models as well as econometric techniques having the "space" as a core dimension of the analysis. This edited volume addresses the complex issue of Spatial Economics from an applied point of view. This volume is part of a more complex project including another edited volume (Spatial Economics Volume I: Theory) collecting original papers which address Spatial Economics from a theoretical perspective.

Intro -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Part I Classic Models -- 1 Classic Spatial Models -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Linear Model -- 1.3 The Circular Model -- 1.4 Spatial Price Discrimination -- 1.5 Spatial Models with Elastic Demand Functions -- 1.6 The "Barbell" Model -- 1.7 Vertical Differentiation -- 1.8 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Spatial Cournot Competition -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Attempts to Save the Hotelling (1929) Model -- 2.2.1 Non-Cournot Models -- 2.2.2 Spatial Cournot Models -- 2.2.2.1 Linear Models -- 2.2.2.2 Circular Markets -- 2.2.3 Linear Plus Circular Markets -- 2.3 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Models of Spatial Competition: A Critical 2012 -2018 Update -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Critical Update 2012-2018-A Bibliometric Exercise -- 3.3 Classification of the Papers -- 3.4 Co-authorship Patterns: A Social Network Analysis -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part II Reviews of Literature -- 4 New Economic Geography: Economic Integration and Spatial Imbalances -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Spatial Economics Before NEG -- 4.2.1 Urban Economics and Location Theory -- 4.2.2 The Spatial Impossibility Theorem -- 4.2.3 Comparative Advantages, Externalities and Imperfect Competition -- 4.3 Scale Economies: From Trade to Geography -- 4.3.1 Preferences and Increasing Returns -- 4.3.2 Transport Costs and the Home Market Effect -- 4.4 The Core-Periphery Model -- 4.4.1 A Simple CP Model -- 4.4.1.1 The Model and Short-Run Equilibrium -- 4.4.1.2 Long-Run Equilibria and Qualitative Results -- 4.5 Developments in New Economic Geography -- 4.5.1 Early NEG Models -- 4.5.2 NEG and the Internal Structure of Regions and City Formation -- 4.5.3 Regional Growth -- 4.5.4 Beyond the CP Model -- 4.6 Concluding Remarks and the Way Forward -- References -- 5 Location Games -- 5.1 Introduction.

The three essays collected in this PhD thesis examine how regulatory, political, and social environments shape capital markets. The first essay studies how regulation affects the behavior of financial analysts. The second essay studies how a political event affects investors' political beliefs and firm disclosures. The third essay studies how spatial differences in the audit office location can explain variations in the going-concern opinions of auditors.

This paper looks at the linkages between three recent developments in spatial economics that in combination have changed the way that economic growth is viewed. These new approaches are that of the New Growth Theory, the measurement of geographical economic convergence, and the role of infrastructure in stimulating economic growth. In combination these developments may combine to provide a different perspective on why regions often grow at differential rates,ways of measuring these differences, and possible policy interventions tomanipulate geographical variations in the growth process. The paper argues, however, that these concepts, while they may offer new insights, are nevertheless unlikely to provide a complete picture of why spatial economic divergence is widespread nor a set of policy instruments that can be simplydeployed to ameliorate such discrepancies.

Despite the impressive development of the field of spatial economics, some have criticised the lack of policy applications. In addition, the literature has not yet identified the relevance of new economic geography, and spatial economics generally, for national spatial planning. This is surprising considering the interest in spatial planning policy in Europe. By combining old theories of trade and space with new economic geography, this paper applies spatial economics to national spatial planning and examines a case study of Ireland. The paper suggests that spatial economics provides a useful theoretical framework for the analysis of national spatial planning policy but suffers from deficiencies in respect of its consideration of social and environmental aspects of planning and development.